Death

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Death occurs when Isaac runs out of health. There are multiple ways to cause this.

Damage from monsters
Damage from bosses
Damage from obstacles
Damage from bombs
Damage from a blood donation machine
Damage from curse rooms
Trading your last bit of health when making a deal with the Devil unless that item provides any hearts in return, such as the Ceremonial Robes
Using The Bible against Satan
Using the Suicide King card
... and more!

As long as Isaac has health of any type (red, black, soul, or bone) left, they will not be killed, except if Isaac only has an eternal heart.

Extra Lives

Typically, when Isaac dies, the game over screen appears; however, there are certain items, characters, and abilities that can revive Isaac after death. It is possible to obtain extra lives throughout a run by picking up various items. When Isaac dies, they will be revived in the previous room under the new life. Below is a list of these items and special death / extra life conditions that they bestow.

Guppy's Collar

Guppy's Collar grants Isaac a 50% chance to be revived in the previous room, with one heart container half-filled. This life activates immediately upon death, before other items. If the collar fails, other items will then activate.

1up!

The 1up! grants Isaac an extra life. Upon death of the previous life, Isaac will be revived with three heart containers unless they are ??? (four soul hearts) or Azazel, where they will be revived instead with one soul heart. This life activates before Dead Cat, but after Guppy's Collar.

Ankh

The Ankh revives Isaac in the previous room as ??? upon death. This life activates after Dead Cat and Guppy's Collar.

Broken Ankh

When held, Broken Ankh has a chance to resurrect Isaac as ??? upon death.

Judas' Shadow

When Isaac dies, he will respawn as Black Judas and any character unlockables and boss kills will be treated as Judas.

Dead Cat

Dead Cat grants Isaac nine extra lives. Upon death in the previous life, Isaac will be revived in the previous room with one heart container unless they are ???, where they will be revived with one soul heart. These lives activate after Lazarus' Rags, Guppy's Collar and the 1up!, but before the Ankh and Judas' Shadow.

Lazarus and Lazarus' Rags

After dying as Lazarus, Isaac will be revived with only 1 heart container and will gain Anemic, leaving a trail of creep behind Lazarus after taking damage. This resets when he exits the room. Note that unlike other items that cause Isaac to be revived, when Lazarus is revived, he will be revived on the spot, as opposed to in the previous room.

Missing Poster

While holding this trinket, when Isaac dies, he will be revived as The Lost and Missing Poster will be removed. If playing as The Lost, Isaac will respawn as normal in the previous room.

Unlockable achievements

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Bugs

Bug!	Quitting the game before the death animation is completed does not allow the player to continue the run, but does not add a death on the stats screen.

The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth